8/5/11

Current Affairs For June 2011

National

MPLAD Guidelines Changed; Easy to Implement

The Central Government, after a decade, is escalating the yearly distribution of MPLAD finances as of Rs.2 crore to Rs.5 crore for each MP. Dr. M.S.Gill, the Minister of Statistics & Programme Implementation is confident that the advantages of the plan must get to to the people at the very basic level and the plan must as well throw in towards promoting public honor and accord. So as to guarantee that the MPLAD finances can be used up sensibly, quickly, successfully and productively all through the nation, the guidelines are currently expanding their scope, being made precise and simple and effortlessly implementable. To offer MPs a more extensive range of projects that cover MPLAD finance, the silos of entitled things within the system are being distended.
The Government has lately permitted expenditure of MPLAD finance in supporting physically challenged people and it has received large admiration. The Government following comprehensive talk and meeting, has determined to make huge changes in the entire system of MPLAD.

ECI witnesses the launch of IIDEM.

The ECI (Election Commission of India) commenced the IIDEM (India International Institute of Democracy and Election Management) - a higher center of learning, study, guidance and addition so as to involve people in democratic practice and election organization. The primary time of this leading institute was inaugurated together at the Commission location by Dr. S. Y. Quraishi, Chief Election Commissioner of India in New Delhi and Mr. Ken Nyaundi, Election Commissioner from Kenya.
Two more Election Commissioners Shri H. S. Brahma and Shri V.S. Sampath, were in attendance too. Higher Officials of the Commission and officials from South Africa and Commonwealth Secretariat were present the gathering. The initial course of IIDEM will be starter later on in July for the Electoral Commission of Kenya. IIDEM has four sections. These four parts are: Voter Education and Civic Participation, Research, Innovation and Documentation, Training and Capacity, and International Projects and Technical Collaboration Development. The Institute will be a countrywide and global center for exchange of nice followings in organizing of election.

Reliance getting into the Scam Trend:

The investigated reports of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India that tacks the involvement among Reliance Industries Ltd (RIL) and Government agencies heading towards enormous losses to the Government exchequer is however a new instance of the influence of corporate over the UPA Government to undermine official procedures that suit them in all possible ways.
The body has realized that the earlier DGH (Director-General of Hydrocarbons) allowed Reliance to pump up its expansion overheads on the gas mining in the D6 block of KG basin to a massive 8.84 billion dollars from 2.47 billion dollars. This money in use by RIL influenced the proceeds of the Government. Government is supposed to act against the previous DGH with immediate effect.

2G scams unfold; Dayanidhi Maran steps down

Dayanidhi Maran has resigened all thanks to the extensive probing by the CBI and the Government can now pat their backs. The investigation pointed to his part in compelling C Sivasankaran to sell his share in a leading Telecom company, Aircel by denying to award any fresh licenses on condition that Sivasankaran was the principal stake holder—it should have been a lot more than a twist of fate that a group firm of the new holder endowed in Maran’s brother’s enterprise hardly any months following it received licenses from Maran.
As Maran resigned the day following the CBI achievement, the government cannot be blamed of favoring him similar to that of the main villain, A Raja. Dayanidhi Maran’s was a varied term, the understandable low downs being the Aircel incident, in the offing with a fresh policy that permitted conceding of fresh licenses 4 years ago at prices of 10 years back (Maran was the real mastermind, Raja just built-up on what he established) and bullying the Tatas in their business in the telecom industry following a TataSky row with his brother’s Sun TV (Maran’s ministry collapsed as TDSAT thickened the plot). The merrier times counted for increasing FDI limits to 74% accordingly of which Vodafone emerged into the scene, and actually opening up the sector that involved huge distance by shelling out soaring fees.

Sports News

Doping cases surge up; curbing measures required

Union Minister of State for Youth Affairs & Sports, Shri Ajay Maken has delineated a range of measures to find out into entire doping incident and curtail this pain in the neck. Shri Maken presented the particulars of the six point guidelines forwarded to the executives of SAI (Sports Ministry and Sports Authority of India) to probe into doping episode at a press conference.
Taking into consideration the failed dope tests of eight athletes in various sports that include HariKrishnan in long jump, Tianna Mary Thomas in 4*400 m, M/s Mandeep Kaur, SiniJose, Priyanka Panwar in 400 m, Ashwini Akkunji, Joanna Murmu, and Sonia in shot put and “the current inquiry thereof, it is heading for that the Sports Ministry and Sports Authority of India must be aware of and concentrate on the function of the workforce support infrastructure that have been provided to these athelets,” said Shri Ajay Maken. He further avowed that at the same time as each doping episode engages dishonor of the entire country, prohibition and even fear of honors and accolades being asked from the charged athletes; the task of supporting trainers, health center executives and extra requirements to be questioned, determined and rightfully inclined.

Rouseau: 3rd Test between India v West Indies drawn

3rd test match held at the Windsor Park Stadium between India and West Indies, the former’s first tour since the World Cup triumph ended in a disappointing draw. KA Edwards and S Chanderpaul stood at the crease for 161 runs for the fourth wicket. This means that India will need to wait more to win 2 test matches in the Carribean. Chanderpaul was partnered by Kieron Edwards as the former completed his 23rd Test century in all important 37-over toil to deny India a victory.
Chanderpaul dealt with all the seam bowlers India had at their disposal with no difficulty, driving and extracting easy runs out of them and exhibiting rock-solid defense and rotating the strike regularly as Kerion Edwards chipped in. He stood steady at one end; he strained the Indian bowlers to shoft their attentions totally towards Kieron Edwards, who’s supported and helped Chanderpaul to get to another achievement is professional playing career.

International News

Pravakar Sahoo – China leave India trailing

As compared to India, China is very antagonistic in the Bangladesh market. Except for price competition of Chinese goods, the friendly approach of Chinese sellers and executives at the customs is a reason to smile for traders in Bangladesh. When China comes into this scene Visa has never been a problem; China attracts ventures from Bangladesh to chip in showings for improved data on Chinese goods.
Chinese sellers are all set to spruce up well-known goods on the demand of Bangladeshi importers to provide to the price responsive local marketplace of their South Asian neighbors. Plus, Chinese industry corporations deal with transportations, trade intricacies, and over and over again take notes on grievances. In a good number of industries, China is prepared for expertise transmit, while our very own Indian industries are yet to be. The country is not only playing with their business connections, but now has only a negligible investment presence in Bangladesh.

Trades between India and Canada to reach $15 Billion:

EEPC India with a purpose to accomplish considerable increase in trade for manufacturing goods and services prepared a colloquium on being involved in business transactions with Canada. Talking on the colloquium the Joint Secretary Department of Commerce, Shri Arvind Mehta said, “Bearing in mind the fact, that China now has a widespread existence in Canada this episode could share the accomplishments on different added steps employed by the Government of India all through this year”.
The official further talked about the cut rate and uniqueness of the Indian producers will be of immense assistance to Canada as it is currently counting those countries that are a step ahead of NAFTA for trade development. The Consul General of India, Mrs. Preeti Saran in addition was present at the event. Even as conveying her important lecture she was buoyant that these events can direct to our targeted growth in trade involving the two nations.
Acting High Commissioner, Mr. Mario-Ste-Marie, and High Commission of Canada in New Delhi was as well in attendance. EEPC INDIA through the backing of Indian High Commission at the Canadian Capital and Canadian High Commission in the Indian Capital are arranging the second season of the famous show in Toronto, “India Show”. “India Show” Toronto, Canada is being prepared at most appropriate time with this year being confirmed as the “Year of India in Canada” by Dr. Manmohan Singh, respected Prime Minister of our country and Mr. Stephen Harper, his Canadian opposite number. This came in the light of Mr. Harper’s visit to India in November 2009

Healthy Rankings for India on Global Stage:

II, Confederation of Indian Industry and INSEAD examine on ranking countries on innovation, known as GII, Global Innovation Index was revealed in Geneva, Switzerland for the current year. The whole examination is a once a year attempt to evaluate dissimilar enablers for policy makers and added share holders such as trade and foundations to assess their dealings and impacts in comparison with additional countries in order that they can employ valuable measures. Formed about 4 years ago, GII examines they way nations influence their running surroundings to excite improvement outcomes. Five posts make up the innovation effort sub-index and these include foundations, research and development in the human resource department, socio-economic infrastructure, market advancements and trade advancements. The innovation production sub-index is made up of two pillars: creative outputs and scientific outputs.
In the overall innovation Index, the country has ranked 62 for the year 2011 when evaluated against the position in the year 2010 of 56. Switzerland has been the leader of all these countries, climbing from 3rd in the GII for the year 2010, 2nd and 3rd positions are respectively held by Sweden and Singapore. Six countries from the EU make up the Top 10 list and it also takes in Hong Kong, the United States of America as well as Canada which are 4th, 7th and 8th. The only emerging economy that reached the Top 30 ranks in GII was China at 29.
Dr. Naushad Forbes, Chair of the CII Innovation Council 2011-12 and Director of Forbes Marshall, said “At present there is some buzz about innovation in the entire world in all types beginning from commerce to government to civilization. Following the current economic decelerate the spotlight has swung evidently towards the budding regions not just with respect to a thriving possible market but also an attractive place for economical innovations.
Analyzing this swing is vital to identify in what we are moving forward, GII is an initial spot to do that and undeniably on the correct path Roland Berger Professor of Business and Technology at INSEAD, Soumitra Dutta, and editor of the examination believes that innovation is dangerous to motivating development in both developed and budding economies, particularly for the period of a time when the worldwide economy is current recovering from past plummets. Except for CII, the year 2011 the added three knowledge allies in Global Innovation Index are the WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization), Booze & Company and Alcatel-Lucent

NEW DELHI, July 29, 2011

India registered a 20 per cent increase in tiger population last year, says a report, ‘Status of tigers, co-predators and prey in India-2010,' released here on Thursday by Jagdish Kishwan, Additional Director-General (Wildlife), Ministry of Environment and Forests.

“The estimated population of 1, 706 individual tigers represents a 20 per cent increase from the last survey in 2006, which estimated a number of 1,411 tigers. The increase is based on the survey of additional areas as well as an increase in the number of tigers within high-density populations,'' the report said

Alwar (Rajasthan), Jun 17 (PTI) A court today awarded five hunters 31 years of imprisonment under six sections of the Wildlife Protection Act for killing a tigress in Sariska reserve in 2004.

The five, however, will spent altogether seven years in jail as the sentences will run concurrently.

Additional chief judicial magistrate Himankani Gaud sentenced each of the five poachers to 31 years in jail, but they will remain behind bars for seven years.

Gaud also slapped a fine of Rs 1.30 lakh on the five.

8/4/11

NOW 4G

Telia-branded Samsung LTE modem

In telecommunications, 4G is the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a successor to the 3G and 2G families of standards. In 2009, the ITU-R organization specified the IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G standards, setting peak speed requirements for 4G service at 100 Mbit/s for high mobility communication (such as from trains and cars) and 1 Gbit/s for low mobility communication (such as pedestrians and stationary users).^[1]
A 4G system is expected to provide a comprehensive and secure all-IP based mobile broadband solution to laptop computer wireless modems, smartphones, and other mobile devices. Facilities such as ultra-broadband Internet access, IP telephony, gaming services, and streamed multimedia may be provided to users.
Pre-4G technologies such as mobile WiMAX and first-release Long term evolution (LTE) have been on the market since 2006^[2] and 2009^[3]^[4]^[5] respectively, and though often branded as 4G in marketing materials, the current versions of these technologies provide downstream peak bitrates of 144 Mbit/s and 100 Mbit/s respectively, and do consequently not fulfill the original ITU-R requirements of data rates approximately up to 1 Gbit/s for 4G systems.IMT-Advanced compliant versions of the above two standards are under development and called “LTE Advanced” and “WirelessMAN-Advanced” respectively. ITU has decided that “LTE Advanced” and “WirelessMAN-Advanced” should be accorded the official designation of IMT-Advanced. On December 6, 2010, ITU announced that current versions of LTE, WiMax and other evolved 3G technologies that do not fulfill "IMT-Advanced" requirements could be considered "4G", provided they represent forerunners to IMT-Advanced and "a substantial level of improvement in performance and capabilities with respect to the initial third generation systems now deployed."^[6]

The pre-4G technology 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) is often branded "4G", but the first LTE release does not fully comply with the IMT-Advanced requirements. LTE has a theoretical net bit rate capacity of up to 100 Mbit/s in the downlink and 50 Mbit/s in the uplink if a 20 MHz channel is used — and more if multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), i.e. antenna arrays, are used.

HOT NEW TECHNOLOGIES

MORPH OPERATING SYSTEM

User Desktop

Ambient

Ambient is the native graphical shell of MorphOS. As its name suggests, the metaphor of an abstract enviroment is used rather than a traditional desktop which is often specifically associated with business and work.

fully asynchronous, multi-threaded design
64-bit arithmetic to handle big storage devices
virtual file system functionality which allows to browse archives and disk images
bookmark system which provides easy and fast access to your favorite folders
advanced file-types system
customizable panels
configurable toolbars
configurable hotkeys
built-in image viewer
built-in music player
built-in text viewer
fast file I/O functions

visual effects: transparency, blurring, color imposing, alpha channels...
supports a variety of icon formats (single- and dual-state PNG icons, GlowIcons, NewIcons, etc.)
direct true-color rendering (no pen allocations)
support for deficons (devices)
real-time icons scaling
thumbnail mode
file notifications
ARexx port (optional)
built-in disk formatting
built-in commodities manager
support for appwindows / appicons

3D Graphics

TinyGL

TinyGL was originally created by Fabrice Bellard as a subset of OpenGL® for embedded systems and games. It was designed with no hardware acceleration in mind at this time. Only the main OpenGL calls were implemented.

The MorphOS version of TinyGL is only loosely based on the original implementation. It was rewritten to take full advantage of 3D hardware acceleration. Furthermore, it contains several carefully chosen MESA features. TinyGL on MorphOS provides a much richer feature set and surpasses the original's speed at the same time.

-	Big set of implemented functions with high degree of OpenGL® compliance
-	Easy to use system layer API
-	Highly configurable
-	Fast and robust pipeline which was tightly optimized for lots of common cases
-	Non-blocking rendering (no context locking required)
-	Multitexturing, mipmapping and palette texture handling
-	Cube mapping
-	Stencil buffer
-	Vertex arrays
-	Display lists
-	User clipping planes
-	Selection buffer
-	Evaluators
-	GLUT implementation
-	All primitives are supported, including lines and points (smooth or not) of variable sizes.
The TinyGL developer kit is available for download on the MDC (MorphOS Developer Connection) website.

Goa

Goa is included with MorphOS for compatibility reasons and represents a reimplementation of the Warp3D.library as well as the Warp3DPPC.library. It sits on top of MorphOS' native 3D API and allows to use various applications and games that were primarily written for PowerUP accelerator cards by Phase5 & DCE.

Goa's main features are as follows:

	Very accurate emulation. All known applications that make use of the original library, can be used.
	Extremely optimized. On the same hardware, Goa is always faster than the original.
	Handles misaligned data sent by buggy applications without relying on the built-in kernel emulation.

External Devices

Poseidon USB

The Poseidon USB Stack is a software solution that unleashes the possibilities of the Universal Serial Bus (USB) and the devices with USB interface, ranging from mice, keyboards, tablets, touch screens, joysticks, joypads, printers, scanners, webcams, digicams, flash card readers, zip drives, floppy disk drives, harddisks, memory sticks, ethernet adapters, scanners and audio adapters to less common things like power supplies, GPS location devices or finger print readers.

For more extensive information about the supported USB devices, please visit our hardware compatibility section.

Media Streaming

Reggae

Reggae is a new approach to media stream processing in MorphOS. Unlike the older datatypes system, Reggae features full support of streaming and is highly modularized. The term streaming refers to media files which are not fully buffered in memory. Instead, small portions of data are passed through a chain of connected objects, i.e. a pipeline. This way, the library can deal with extremely big media objects (or continuous streams) while keeping the memory footprint down to a minimum.

Reggae's modularity lowers its memory usage even further. An old datatype class usually contained a format recognition, a demultiplexer (if any), a decoder and occasionally an encoder in a single shared library. Reggae, on the other hand, divides functionality into smaller modules which are being loaded independently. As a result, applications load only those specific modules which they actually require.

Another advantage compared to datatypes would be stream abstraction. Stream handlers are separate modules now, and the system can be easily expanded to support new stream types. Developers are not strictly limited to the use of file and clipboard streams, but may still use them if they choose to.

The library is able to handle compound streams such as video ones. A demultiplexer splits audio and video data, so every stream has its own decoder (loaded as a separate module), filters and a renderer. The entire decoding structure can be built automatically, including format and subformats recognition, with a single API call.

Filters is another new concept not offered by datatypes which delegated the processing of decoded data to each application. Reggae filters enables the sharing of code of common audio and video processing algorithms. In addition, Reggae filters take advantage of AltiVec vector processing units, as found in Freescale G4 processors, which makes them very fast. Another useful feature is the built-in debugging system designed to simplify third-party development.

Classes

targa.demuxer*
targa.decoder*
pcx.decoder*
pcx.demuxer*
sunraster.demuxer*
sunraster.decoder*
jpeg.demuxer*
jpeg.decoder*
iffilbm.decoder*
iffilbm.demuxer*
iffdeep.demuxer*
iffdeep.decoder*
winicon.demuxer

bmp.demuxer
bmp.decoder
gif.decoder
gif.demuxer
audiopcm.decoder
file.stream
audio.output
http.stream
ima-adpcm.decoder
memory.stream
multimedia.class
fir.filter
ms-adpcm.decoder

multiread.buffer
picture.output
processblock.class
rawaudio.filter
wave.demuxer
multimedia68k.library
videopcm.decoder
soundloop.filter
aiff.demuxer
laws.decoder
netpbm.demuxer
bitplane.decoder

Classes marked with an asterisk are not part of MorphOS but provided by third-party developers.

GUI Toolkit

MUI

Basically, MUI is a collection of libraries which allows programmers to easily create and maintain graphical user interfaces. Besides from a few very simple approaches, MUI was the first tool of this category to go a completely new and object oriented way. Constant development and continued support from users and programmers over the past years have made MUI by far the most successfull available GUI toolkit for the Amiga platform.

MUI always went one step further as other products, consequently implementing and further developing modern guidelines of user interface design. The basic philosophy behind MUI lies within the following short sentence:

Offer as much freedom as possible to users by taking away as much work as possible from programmers.

This simple guideline has always been and will always be the major point in MUI. A programmer only specifies very few aspects about his user interfaces directly, thus reducing his work and leaving lots of room for later customization by the user.
MUI reaches its goals by following modern, object oriented approaches in specifying window layouts. Elements are not placed directly to some fixed locations but are instead grouped in special containers which then dynamically control display and positioning. During this process, MUI has the chance to take the users preferences into account, making all applications look like the user likes it best.
MUI's modern concepts enable a great number of powerful features, reaching from resolution and font sensitivity to an unmatched number of configuration options.

User Interface

Skinning

In contast to many mainstream operating systems, the technical design of MorphOS was based on the modern concept of an individualized user interface. This culminated first and foremost in the outstanding customizability as offered by MUI which spawns from the global system down to the application level. Bringing personalization to the extreme, you can customize single applications individually.
Apart from MUI, MorphOS includes many other advanced technologies that further this approach. MorphOS windows can have a variety of different designs including transparent shadows, hardware-accelerated colour gradients, rounded edges, and much more. Likewise, Ambient supports a wide variety of icon formats which maximizes your freedom to choose your preferred icon theme from a diverse pool of source and / or to develop your very own icon theme with a minimum of restrictions.

LOKPAL BILL

What is the Jan Lokpal Bill, why it's important

Source: http://indiaagainstcorruption.org/

The Jan Lokpal Bill (Citizen's ombudsman Bill) is a draft anti-corruption bill drawn up by prominent civil society activists seeking the appointment of a Jan Lokpal, an independent body that would investigate corruption cases, complete the investigation within a year and envisages trial in the case getting over in the next one year.

Drafted by Justice Santosh Hegde (former Supreme Court Judge and present Lokayukta of Karnataka), Prashant Bhushan (Supreme Court Lawyer) and Arvind Kejriwal (RTI activist), the draft Bill envisages a system where a corrupt person found guilty would go to jail within two years of the complaint being made and his ill-gotten wealth being confiscated. It also seeks power to the Jan Lokpal to prosecute politicians and bureaucrats without government permission.

Retired IPS officer Kiran Bedi and other known people like Swami Agnivesh, Sri Sri Ravi Shankar, Anna Hazare and Mallika Sarabhai are also part of the movement, called India Against Corruption. Its website describes the movement as "an expression of collective anger of people of India against corruption. We have all come together to force/request/persuade/pressurize the Government to enact the Jan Lokpal Bill. We feel that if this Bill were enacted it would create an effective deterrence against corruption."

Anna Hazare, anti-corruption crusader, began a fast-unto-death today, demanding that this bill, drafted by the civil society, be adopted. The website of the India Against Corruption movement calls the Lokpal Bill of the government an "eyewash" and has on it a critique of that government Bill. It also lists the difference between the Bills drafted by the government and civil society.

A look at the salient features of Jan Lokpal Bill:
1. An institution called LOKPAL at the centre and LOKAYUKTA in each state will be set up

2. Like Supreme Court and Election Commission, they will be completely independent of the governments. No minister or bureaucrat will be able to influence their investigations.

3. Cases against corrupt people will not linger on for years anymore: Investigations in any case will have to be completed in one year. Trial should be completed in next one year so that the corrupt politician, officer or judge is sent to jail within two years.

4. The loss that a corrupt person caused to the government will be recovered at the time of conviction.

5. How will it help a common citizen: If any work of any citizen is not done in prescribed time in any government office, Lokpal will impose financial penalty on guilty officers, which will be given as compensation to the complainant.

6. So, you could approach Lokpal if your ration card or passport or voter card is not being made or if police is not registering your case or any other work is not being done in prescribed time. Lokpal will have to get it done in a month's time. You could also report any case of corruption to Lokpal like ration being siphoned off, poor quality roads been constructed or panchayat funds being siphoned off. Lokpal will have to complete its investigations in a year, trial will be over in next one year and the guilty will go to jail within two years.

7. But won't the government appoint corrupt and weak people as Lokpal members? That won't be possible because its members will be selected by judges, citizens and constitutional authorities and not by politicians, through a completely transparent and participatory process.

8. What if some officer in Lokpal becomes corrupt? The entire functioning of Lokpal/ Lokayukta will be completely transparent. Any complaint against any officer of Lokpal shall be investigated and the officer dismissed within two months.

9. What will happen to existing anti-corruption agencies? CVC, departmental vigilance and anti-corruption branch of CBI will be merged into Lokpal. Lokpal will have complete powers and machinery to independently investigate and prosecute any officer, judge or politician.

10. It will be the duty of the Lokpal to provide protection to those who are being victimized for raising their voice against corruption.

RAMADAN

Ramadan (Turkish:Ramazan) (Arabic: رمضان‎ Ramaḍān, Arabic pronunciation: [rɑmɑˈdˤɑːn]) is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, which lasts 29 or 30 days. It is the Islamic month of fasting, in which participating Muslims refrain from eating, drinking and intimacy with their partners^[1] during daylight hours and is intended to teach Muslims about patience, spirituality, humility and submissiveness to God. Muslims fast for the sake of God (Arabic: الله‎, trans: Allah) and to offer more prayer than usual. Compared to the solar calendar, the dates of Ramadan vary, moving backwards by about eleven days each year depending on the moon; thus, a person will have fasted every day of the calendar year in 34 years' time. Muslims believe Ramadan to be an auspicious month for the revelations of God to humankind, being the month in which the first verses of the Qur'an were revealed to the Islamic prophet, Muhammad.

The Beginning of Ramadan

Hilāl (the crescent) is typically a day (or more) after the astronomical new moon. Since the new moon indicates the beginning of the new month, Muslims can usually safely estimate the beginning of Ramadan.^[6]
There are many disagreements each year however, on when Ramadan starts. This stems from the tradition to sight the moon with the naked eye and as such there are differences for countries on opposite sides of the globe.^[7] More recently however, some Muslims are leaning towards using astronomical calculations to avoid this confusion.

Fasting

Main article: Sawm

During the month of Ramadan, Muslims fast from dawn to dusk.

The month of Ramadan is the one in which the Qur'an was sent down - right Guidance to mankind, and clear signs of Guidance and Distinction of truth from falsehood. Those among you who witness it, let him fast therein. Whoever is sick or on a journey, then a number of other days. God desires ease for you, and desires not hardship. Thus may you fulfil the number of days assigned, magnify God for having guided you, and perhaps you will be thankful.

Ayah 185, Sura 2 (Al-Baqara), translation by Tarif Khalidi see:[2]^[8]

Ramadan is a time of spiritual reflection and worship. Muslims are expected to put more effort into following the teachings of Islam and to avoid obscene and irreligious sights and sounds. Sexual intercourse among spouses is allowed after one has ended the daily fast. During fasting, intercourse is prohibited as well as eating and drinking, one is also encouraged to resist all temptations while fasting. Purity of both thoughts and actions is important. The act of fasting is said to redirect the heart away from worldly activities, its purpose being to cleanse the inner soul and free it from harm. It also teaches Muslims to practice self-discipline, self-control,^[9] sacrifice, and empathy for those who are less fortunate; thus encouraging actions of generosity and charity (Zakat).^[10]
It becomes compulsory for Muslims to start fasting when they reach puberty, so long as they are healthy, sane and have no disabilities or illnesses. The elderly, the chronically ill, and the mentally ill are exempt from fasting, although the first two groups must endeavor to feed the poor in place of their missed fasting. Also exempt are pregnant women if they believe it would be harmful to them or the unborn baby, women during the period of their menstruation, and women nursing their newborns. A difference of opinion exists among Islamic scholars as to whether this last group must make up the days they miss at a later date, or feed poor people as a recompense for days missed.^[11] While fasting is not considered compulsory in childhood, many children endeavour to complete as many fasts as possible as practice for later life. Lastly, those traveling (musaafir) are exempt, but must make up the days they miss

Eid ul-Fitr

Main article: Eid ul-Fitr

The holiday of Eid ul-Fitr (Arabic: عيد الفطر‎) marks the end of the fasting period of Ramadan and the first day of the following month, after another new moon has been sighted. The Eid falls after 29 or 30 days of fasting, per the lunar sighting. Eid ul-Fitr means the back to the fitrah; usually a special celebration is made. Food is donated to the poor (Zakat al-fitr); everyone puts on their best, usually new, clothes; and communal prayers are held in the early morning, followed by feasting and visiting relatives and friends. The prayer is two Raka'ah only, and it is sunnah muakkad ^[17] as opposed to the compulsory (Fard) five daily prayers. Muslims are expected to do this as an act of worship, and to thank God. Presents are also given, mainly clothes and money.

SHOYAB SIDDIQUI